On teaching JPEG
I would start with the lossless algorithms, run-length is a good place to start. Then you can go on to discuss human perception, I like to use the example of hiding in plain site.
Hiding in plain sight
Ask which is harder to spot someone standing by a wall, or someone standing in the middle of a field. Use this as the basis for discussing lossy compression.
Optical illusion
Explore images that look the same, but are different (when examined). One that I remember is an image white background, with a series of vertical thick black bars. Then to the right of each bar is a thin line with a linear gradient from dark to light. All black bars are identical, all thin lines are identical, however the lines get closer to the bars as you move to the right. (so multiple copies of the bar and line, but each copy to the right has the bar and line closer). This is perceived as the thin lines getting shorter to the right. An example of the hiding in plain sight illusion discussed above.
When not to use lossy compression
This relates to e-safety, digital literacy, ethics, etc.
As well as the ones you said: Cartoon (traditional, such as Simpsons), line drawings. There are certain uses of photograph that should not be lossy encoded. These include medical X-ray (especially of fractures), and of nuclear power rods or aircraft, to check for build quality (fractures). I mention these 3 as I know this has been done, at great cost (£Millions), and safety risk.
What is JPEG
Let me point out that JPEG is not a file format but a set of algorithms, some lossy some lossless. However just after release someone made a library that used some of the algorithms (Discrete cosine transform, hoffman encoding, etc), to make a lossy compression algorithm, this became a de-facto standard).